Methods and devices for increasing aqueous humor outflow

ABSTRACT

An ocular implant having an inlet portion and a Schlemm&#39;s canal portion distal to the inlet portion, the inlet portion being disposed at a proximal end of the implant and sized and configured to be placed within an anterior chamber of a human eye, the Schlemm&#39;s canal portion being arranged and configured to be disposed within Schlemm&#39;s canal of the eye when the inlet portion is disposed in the anterior chamber.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/012,544,filed Feb. 1, 2016, which application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.§ 119 of U.S. Application No. 62/110,293, titled “Methods and Devicesfor Increasing Aqueous Humor Outflow”, filed Jan. 30, 2015.

Said application Ser. No. 15/012,544 is a continuation-in-part of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/691,267, filed Apr. 20, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No.9,610,196, and is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser.No. 14/932,658, filed Nov. 4, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,406,025, thedisclosures of which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forthherein.

Said application Ser. No. 14/691,267 is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/246,363, filed Apr. 7, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No.9,039,650, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/236,225, filed Sep. 23, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,734,377, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/860,318, filed Sep.24, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,740,604.

Said application Ser. No. 14/932,658 is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 13/865,770, filed Apr. 18, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No.9,211,213, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/833,863, filed Jul. 9, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,425,449, whichclaims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/224,158, filedJul. 9, 2009.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specificationare herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if eachindividual publication or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to devices that are implantedwithin the eye. More particularly, the present invention relates todevices that facilitate the transfer of fluid from within one area ofthe eye to another area of the eye.

BACKGROUND

According to a draft report by The National Eye Institute (NEI) at TheUnited States National Institutes of Health (NIH), glaucoma is now theleading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and the second leadingcause of blindness, behind cataract, in the world. Thus, the NEI draftreport concludes, “it is critical that significant emphasis andresources continue to be devoted to determining the pathophysiology andmanagement of this disease.” Glaucoma researchers have found a strongcorrelation between high intraocular pressure and glaucoma. For thisreason, eye care professionals routinely screen patients for glaucoma bymeasuring intraocular pressure using a device known as a tonometer. Manymodern tonometers make this measurement by blowing a sudden puff of airagainst the outer surface of the eye.

The eye can be conceptualized as a ball filled with fluid. There are twotypes of fluid inside the eye. The cavity behind the lens is filled witha viscous fluid known as vitreous humor. The cavities in front of thelens are filled with a fluid know as aqueous humor. Whenever a personviews an object, he or she is viewing that object through both thevitreous humor and the aqueous humor.

Whenever a person views an object, he or she is also viewing that objectthrough the cornea and the lens of the eye. In order to be transparent,the cornea and the lens can include no blood vessels. Accordingly, noblood flows through the cornea and the lens to provide nutrition tothese tissues and to remove wastes from these tissues. Instead, thesefunctions are performed by the aqueous humor. A continuous flow ofaqueous humor through the eye provides nutrition to portions of the eye(e.g., the cornea and the lens) that have no blood vessels. This flow ofaqueous humor also removes waste from these tissues.

Aqueous humor is produced by an organ known as the ciliary body. Theciliary body includes epithelial cells that continuously secrete aqueoushumor. In a healthy eye, a stream of aqueous humor flows out of theanterior chamber of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and intoSchlemm's canal as new aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelial cellsof the ciliary body. This excess aqueous humor enters the venous bloodstream from Schlemm's canal and is carried along with the venous bloodleaving the eye.

When the natural drainage mechanisms of the eye stop functioningproperly, the pressure inside the eye begins to rise. Researchers havetheorized prolonged exposure to high intraocular pressure causes damageto the optic nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye tothe brain. This damage to the optic nerve results in loss of peripheralvision. As glaucoma progresses, more and more of the visual field islost until the patient is completely blind.

In addition to drug treatments, a variety of surgical treatments forglaucoma have been performed. For example, shunts were implanted todirect aqueous humor from the anterior chamber to the extraocular vein(Lee and Scheppens, “Aqueous-venous shunt and intraocular pressure,”Investigative Ophthalmology (February 1966)). Other early glaucomatreatment implants led from the anterior chamber to a sub-conjunctivalbleb (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,968,296 and 5,180,362). Still others wereshunts leading from the anterior chamber to a point just insideSchlemm's canal (Spiegel et al., “Schlemm's canal implant: a new methodto lower intraocular pressure in patients with POAG?” Ophthalmic Surgeryand Lasers (June 1999); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,450,984; 6,450,984). Inaddition to drug treatments, a variety of surgical treatments forglaucoma have been performed. For example, shunts were implanted todirect aqueous humor from the anterior chamber to the extraocular vein(Lee and Scheppens, “Aqueous-venous shunt and intraocular pressure,”Investigative Ophthalmology (February 1966)). Other early glaucomatreatment implants led from the anterior chamber to a sub-conjunctivalbleb (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,968,296 and 5,180,362). Still others wereshunts leading from the anterior chamber to a point just insideSchlemm's canal (Spiegel et al., “Schlemm's canal implant: a new methodto lower intraocular pressure in patients with POAG?” Ophthalmic Surgeryand Lasers (June 1999); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,450,984; 6,450,984).

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure pertains to an ocular implant comprising alongitudinally extending body having an inlet portion and a Schlemm'scanal portion distal to the inlet portion, the inlet portion beingconfigured to extend into and be in fluid communication with an anteriorchamber of a human eye and the Schlemm's canal portion being configuredto be inserted into Schlemm's canal adjacent to collector channels ofthe eye, a plurality of alternating spines and frames positionedlongitudinally along at least a portion of the Schlemm's canal portionwherein the plurality of alternating spines and frames define a centralchannel extending therethrough, with the central channel being in fluidcommunication with the inlet portion, each of the spines having edgespartially defining an opening across from the central channel and influid communication with the central channel, and each of the framesincluding first and second struts, the first and second struts eachhaving an edge contiguous with an edge of an adjacent spine, the edgesdefining the opening in fluid communication with the central channel,wherein the ocular implant is configured to provide at least a 121%increase in average outflow facility of aqueous humor from the anteriorchamber through the collector channels of the eye.

In some embodiments, the implant comprises at least three openingsacross from the central channel.

In other embodiments, the average outflow facility comprises 0.438μl/min/mmHg.

In one embodiment, a peak circumferential flow rate through the ocularimplant comprises 3.2 μl/min.

In some embodiments, the implant comprises at least six openings acrossfrom the central channel.

In one embodiment, the average outflow facility comprises 0.638μl/min/mmHg.

In some embodiments, a peak circumferential flow rate through the ocularimplant comprises 5.7 μl/min.

In one embodiment, the average outflow facility of the eye prior toimplantation of the ocular implant comprises 0.138 μl/min/mmHg.

An ocular implant adapted to reside at least partially in a portion ofSchlemm's canal of an eye adjacent to collector channels of the eye isprovided, the implant comprising a longitudinally extending curved bodyincluding a proximal portion and a distal portion, the distal portion ofthe curved body defining a longitudinal channel including a channelopening, and the curved body being adapted and configured such that thedistal portion of the curved body resides in Schlemm's canal and theproximal portion extends into the anterior space of the eye while theocular implant assumes an orientation in which the channel opening isadjacent a major side of Schlemm's canal when the ocular implant isimplanted, wherein the ocular implant is configured to provide a121%-222% increase in average outflow facility of aqueous humor from theanterior chamber through the collector channels of the eye.

In some embodiments, the implant comprises at least three openingsacross from the central channel.

In other embodiments, the average outflow facility comprises 0.438μl/min/mmHg.

In one embodiment, a peak circumferential flow rate through the ocularimplant comprises 3.2 μl/min.

In some embodiments, the implant comprises at least six openings acrossfrom the central channel.

In one embodiment, the average outflow facility comprises 0.638μl/min/mmHg.

In some embodiments, a peak circumferential flow rate through the ocularimplant comprises 5.7 μl/min.

In one embodiment, the average outflow facility of the eye prior toimplantation of the ocular implant comprises 0.138 μl/min/mmHg.

In one embodiment, the distal portion of the curved body occupies up to20% of Schlemm's canal but accounts for up to 54.5% of total outflow inthe eye.

In another embodiment, the distal portion of the curved body occupies upto 40% of Schlemm's canal but accounts for up to 74.6% of total outflowin the eye.

An ocular implant is provided comprising an inlet portion and aSchlemm's canal portion distal to the inlet portion, the inlet portionbeing disposed at a proximal end of the implant and sized and configuredto be placed within an anterior chamber of a human eye, the inletportion having an inlet adapted to be in fluid communication with theanterior chamber, the Schlemm's canal portion comprising a centralchannel in fluid communication with the inlet, the central channelextending longitudinally in the Schlemm's canal portion, a first elementdisposed along the central channel, a second element disposed along thecentral channel distal to the first element, a third element disposedalong the central channel distal to the first element and proximal tothe second, a fourth element disposed along the central channel distalto the second element, the first, second, third and fourth elements eachcomprising two edges partially defining an elongate opening in fluidcommunication with the central channel, each of the first, second, thirdand fourth elements having circumferential extents less than 360 degreesso that the elongate opening extends continuously along the first,second, third and fourth elements, the circumferential extents of thefirst and second elements being less than the circumferential extents ofthe third and fourth elements, the Schlemm's canal portion beingarranged and configured to be disposed within Schlemm's canal of the eyewhen the inlet portion is disposed in the anterior chamber, wherein theocular implant is configured to provide a 121%-222% increase in averageoutflow facility of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber through thecollector channels of the eye.

In some embodiments, the implant comprises at least three openingsacross from the central channel.

In other embodiments, the average outflow facility comprises 0.438μl/min/mmHg.

In one embodiment, a peak circumferential flow rate through the ocularimplant comprises 3.2 μl/min.

In some embodiments, the implant comprises at least six openings acrossfrom the central channel.

In one embodiment, the average outflow facility comprises 0.638μl/min/mmHg.

In some embodiments, a peak circumferential flow rate through the ocularimplant comprises 5.7 μl/min.

In one embodiment, the average outflow facility of the eye prior toimplantation of the ocular implant comprises 0.138 μl/min/mmHg.

In one embodiment, the distal portion of the curved body occupies up to20% of Schlemm's canal but accounts for up to 54.5% of total outflow inthe eye.

In another embodiment, the distal portion of the curved body occupies upto 40% of Schlemm's canal but accounts for up to 74.6% of total outflowin the eye.

A method of treating glaucoma is provided, comprising supporting tissueforming Schlemm's canal in an eye with an implant extending at leastpartially in the canal along an axial length within the canal,contacting with the implant less than 50% of the tissue forming thecanal along the axial length, disposing an inlet portion of the implantin an anterior chamber of the eye, and providing fluid communicationbetween the anterior chamber and the canal axially through the inletinto a channel of the implant such that an average outflow facilitybetween the anterior chamber and the canal is increased by 121%-222%,and wherein the implant comprises open areas separated by spine areasalong a first longitudinal section, the spine areas partially definingthe channel, the supporting step comprising orienting the firstlongitudinal section openings towards a trabecular mesh portion of thecanal.

An ocular implant adapted to reside at least partially in a portion ofSchlemm's canal of a human eye is provided, the implant comprising abody configured to extend within Schlemm's canal in a curved volumehaving a large radius side and a short radius side, the body having acircumferential extent within the curved volume that varies along thelength of the body between sections having a lesser circumferentialextent and sections having a greater circumferential extent wherein thebody defines a channel extending longitudinally through the body, thechannel having a substantially open side disposed on the large radiusside at one of the sections of lesser circumferential extent and anadjacent section of greater circumferential extent and a plurality ofopenings along the length of the body on the short radius side theopenings being in fluid communication with the channel, and an inletportion configured to be disposed in an anterior chamber of the eye whenthe body is in Schlemm's canal, the inlet portion disposed on a proximalend of the body in fluid communication with the channel, the inletportion defining one or more openings in fluid communication with theanterior chamber of the eye, wherein the ocular implant is configured toprovide a 121%-222% increase in average outflow facility of aqueoushumor from the anterior chamber through the collector channels of theeye.

An ocular implant adapted to reside at least partially in a portion ofSchlemm's canal of an eye, the eye having an iris defining a pupil isprovided, the implant comprising a longitudinally extending curved bodyincluding a proximal portion and a distal portion, the distal portion ofthe curved body having a central longitudinal axis defined by a radiusof curvature and a lateral cross section having a first lateral extentand a second lateral extent, an aspect ratio of the first lateral extentto the second lateral extent being greater than or equal to about two,the distal portion of the curved body defining a longitudinal channelincluding a channel opening, the channel opening included in definingthe first lateral extent, the curved body being adapted and configuredsuch that the distal portion of the curved body resides in Schlemm'scanal and the proximal portion extends into the anterior space of theeye while the ocular implant assumes an orientation in which the channelopening is adjacent a major side of Schlemm's canal when the ocularimplant is implanted, and wherein the ocular implant is configured toprovide a 121%-222% increase in average outflow facility of aqueoushumor from the anterior chamber through the collector channels of theeye.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity inthe claims that follow. A better understanding of the features andadvantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to thefollowing detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments,in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 is a stylized perspective view depicting a portion of a human eyeand a portion of an ocular implant disposed in Schlemm's canal.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view showing a portion of the implantof FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a volume defined by the body of theocular implant of FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a first plane intersecting the bodyof an ocular implant.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a bending moment being applied toan ocular implant.

FIG. 6 is a plan view of the implant shown in FIG. 5 but in the absenceof any bending moment.

FIG. 7A is a lateral cross-sectional view of the ocular implant of FIG.6 taken along section line A-A of FIG. 6.

FIG. 7B is a lateral cross-sectional view of the ocular implant of FIG.6 taken along section line B-B of FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the ocular implant of FIG.6 taken along section line B-B of FIG. 6.

FIG. 9 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the ocular implant of FIG.6 taken along section line A-A of FIG. 6.

FIG. 10 is a plan view showing an ocular implant according to anotherembodiment of the invention having a longitudinal radius of curvaturethat varies along its length.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view showing an ocular implant according to yetanother embodiment of the invention that has substantially no radius ofcurvature.

FIG. 12 is a stylized representation of a medical procedure inaccordance with this detailed description.

FIG. 13A is a perspective view further illustrating a delivery system100 used in the medical procedure shown in the previous Figure. FIG. 13Bis an enlarged detail view further illustrating a cannula of thedelivery system shown in the previous Figure.

FIG. 14 is a stylized perspective view illustrating the anatomy of aneye.

FIG. 15 is a stylized perspective view showing Schlemm's canal and aniris of the eye shown in the previous Figure.

FIG. 16 is an enlarged cross-sectional view further illustratingSchlemm's canal SC shown in the previous Figure.

FIG. 17 is a perspective view showing an ocular implant in accordancewith this detailed description.

FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B are section views showing an ocular implantdisposed in Schlemm's canal of an eye.

FIG. 19A, FIG. 19B and FIG. 19C are multiple plan views illustrating animplant in accordance with the present detailed description.

FIG. 20 is a lateral cross-sectional view of an ocular implant takenalong section line A-A shown in the previous Figure.

FIG. 21A is a perspective view of an ocular implant and FIG. 21B is astylized perspective view showing Schlemm's canal SC encircling an iris.

FIG. 22A is a perspective view showing a delivery system 12100 that maybe used to advance an ocular implant into Schlemm's canal of an eye.FIG. 22B is an enlarged detail view illustrating a cannula portion ofthe delivery system.

FIG. 23 is an enlarged perspective view of an assembly including acannula, an ocular implant, and a sheath.

FIG. 24 is an additional perspective view of the assembly shown in theprevious Figure.

FIG. 25 is another perspective view of an assembly including a cannula,an ocular implant, and a sheath.

FIG. 26 is an additional perspective view of the assembly shown in theprevious Figure.

FIG. 27A and FIG. 27B are perspective views showing a sheath inaccordance with the present detailed description.

FIG. 28 is a perspective view of an assembly including the sheath shownin the previous Figure.

FIG. 29A and FIG. 29B are simplified plan views showing a sheath inaccordance with the present detailed description.

FIG. 30A, FIG. 30B and FIG. 30C are plan views showing an implant inaccordance with the present detailed description.

FIG. 31 is a lateral cross-sectional view of an ocular implant takenalong section line A-A shown in the previous Figure.

FIG. 32 is a plan view showing an implant in accordance with the presentdetailed description.

FIG. 33A, FIG. 33B and FIG. 33C are plan views showing an additionalimplant in accordance with the present detailed description.

FIG. 34 is a lateral cross-sectional view of an ocular implant takenalong section line B-B shown in the previous Figure.

FIG. 35 is a plan view showing an implant in accordance with the presentdetailed description.

FIGS. 36A, 36B, 36C and 36D are a series of plan views illustrating amethod in accordance with the present detailed description.

FIGS. 37A, 37B, 37C and 37D are a series of section views illustrating amethod in accordance with the present detailed description.

FIG. 38A and FIG. 38B are simplified plan views showing a sheath inaccordance with the present detailed description.

FIG. 39 is a diagram showing the results of mathematical simulations of8 mm and 16 mm ocular implants.

FIG. 40 is a diagram showing circumferential flow rates for 8 mm and 16mm ocular implants.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a stylized perspective view depicting a portion of a human eye20. Eye 20 can be conceptualized as a fluid filled ball having twochambers. Sclera 22 of eye 20 surrounds a posterior chamber 24 filledwith a viscous fluid known as vitreous humor. Cornea 26 of eye 20encloses an anterior chamber 30 that is filled with a fluid know asaqueous humor. The cornea 26 meets the sclera 22 at a limbus 28 of eye20. A lens 32 of eye 20 is located between anterior chamber 30 andposterior chamber 24. Lens 32 is held in place by a number of ciliaryzonules 34.

Whenever a person views an object, he or she is viewing that objectthrough the cornea, the aqueous humor, and the lens of the eye. In orderto be transparent, the cornea and the lens can include no blood vessels.Accordingly, no blood flows through the cornea and the lens to providenutrition to these tissues and to remove wastes from these tissues.Instead, these functions are performed by the aqueous humor. Acontinuous flow of aqueous humor through the eye provides nutrition toportions of the eye (e.g., the cornea and the lens) that have no bloodvessels. This flow of aqueous humor also removes waste from thesetissues.

Aqueous humor is produced by an organ known as the ciliary body. Theciliary body includes epithelial cells that continuously secrete aqueoushumor. In a healthy eye, a stream of aqueous humor flows out of the eyeas new aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelial cells of the ciliarybody. This excess aqueous humor enters the blood stream and is carriedaway by venous blood leaving the eye.

In a healthy eye, aqueous humor flows out of the anterior chamber 30through the trabecular meshwork 36 and into Schlemm's canal 38, locatedat the outer edge of the iris 42. Aqueous humor exits Schlemm's canal 38by flowing through a number of outlets 40. After leaving Schlemm's canal38, aqueous humor is absorbed into the venous blood stream.

In FIG. 1, an ocular implant 100 is disposed in Schlemm's canal 38 ofeye 20. Ocular implant 100 has a body 102 including a plurality oftissue supporting frames 104 and a plurality of spines 106. Body 102also includes a first edge 120 and a second edge 122 that define a firstopening 124. First opening 124 is formed as a slot and fluidlycommunicates with an elongate channel 126 defined by an inner surface128 of body 102. With reference to FIG. 1, it will be appreciated thatfirst opening 124 is disposed on an outer side 130 of body 102.Accordingly, channel 126 opens in a radially outward direction 132 viafirst opening 124.

Ocular implant 100 may be inserted into Schlemm's canal of a human eyeto facilitate the flow of aqueous humor out of the anterior chamber.This flow may include axial flow along Schlemm's canal, flow from theanterior chamber into Schlemm's canal, and flow leaving Schlemm's canalvia outlets communicating with Schlemm's canal. When in place within theeye, ocular implant 100 will support trabecular mesh tissue andSchlemm's canal tissue and will provide for improved communicationbetween the anterior chamber and Schlemm's canal (via the trabecularmeshwork) and between pockets or compartments along Schlemm's canal. Asshown in FIG. 1, the implant is preferably oriented so that the firstopening 124 is disposed radially outwardly within Schlemm's canal.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view showing a portion of ocularimplant 100 shown in the previous figure. Ocular implant 100 has a body102 that extends along a generally curved longitudinal axis 134. Body102 has a plurality of tissue supporting frames 104 and a plurality ofspines 106. As shown in FIG. 2, these spines 106 and frames 104 arearranged in a repeating AB pattern in which each A is a tissuesupporting frame and each B is a spine. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, onespine extends between each adjacent pair of frames 104

The frames 104 of body 102 include a first frame 136 of ocular implant100 that is disposed between a first spine 140 and a second spine 142.In the embodiment of FIG. 2, first frame 136 is formed as a first strut144 that extends between first spine 140 and second spine 142. Firstframe 136 also includes a second strut 146 extending between first spine140 and second spine 142. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2, eachstrut undulates in a circumferential direction as it extendslongitudinally between first spine 140 and second spine 142.

In the embodiment of FIG. 2, body 102 has a longitudinal radius 150 anda lateral radius 148. Body 102 of ocular implant 100 includes a firstedge 120 and a second edge 122 that define a first opening 124. Firstopening 124 fluidly communicates with an elongate channel 126 defined byan inner surface 128 of body 102. A second opening 138 is defined by asecond edge 122A of a first strut 144 and a second edge 122B of a secondstrut 146. First opening 124, second opening 138 and additional openingsdefined by ocular implant 100 allow aqueous humor to flow laterallyacross and/or laterally through ocular implant 100. The outer surfacesof body 102 define a volume 152.

FIG. 3 is an additional perspective view showing volume 152 defined bythe body of the ocular implant shown in the previous figure. Withreference to FIG. 3, it will be appreciated that volume 152 extendsalong a generally curved longitudinal axis 134. Volume 152 has alongitudinal radius 150, a lateral radius 148, and a generally circularlateral cross section 153.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a first plane 154 and a secondplane 155 that both intersect ocular implant 100. In FIG. 4, first plane154 is delineated with hatch marks. With reference to FIG. 4, it will beappreciated that spines 106 of body 102 are generally aligned with oneanother and that first plane 154 intersects all spines 106 shown in FIG.4. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, body 102 of ocular implant 100 isgenerally symmetric about first plane 154.

In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the flexibility of body 102 is at a maximumwhen body 102 is bending along first plane 154, and body 102 has lessflexibility when bending along a plane other than first plane 154 (e.g.,a plane that intersects first plane 154). For example, in the embodimentshown in FIG. 4, body 102 has a second flexibility when bending alongsecond plane 155 that is less than the first flexibility that body 102has when bending along first plane 154.

Stated another way, in the embodiment of FIG. 4, the bending modulus ofbody 102 is at a minimum when body 102 is bent along first plane 154.Body 102 has a first bending modulus when bent along first plane 154 anda greater bending modulus when bent along a plane other than first plane154 (e.g., a plane that intersects first plane 154). For example, in theembodiment shown in FIG. 4, body 102 has a second bending modulus whenbent along second plane 155 that is greater than the first bendingmodulus that body 102 has when bent along first plane 154.

FIG. 5 is an enlarged perspective view showing a portion of ocularimplant 100 shown in the previous figure. In the exemplary embodiment ofFIG. 5, a bending moment M is being applied to body 102 of ocularimplant 100. Bending moment M acts about a first axis 156 that isgenerally orthogonal to first plane 154. A second axis 158 and a thirdaxis 160 are also shown in FIG. 5. Second axis 158 is generallyperpendicular to first axis 156. Third axis 160 is skewed relative tofirst axis 156.

An inner surface 128 of body 102 defines a channel 126. Body 102 ofocular implant 100 includes a first edge 120 and a second edge 123 thatdefine a first opening 124. Channel 126 of ocular implant 100 fluidlycommunicates with first opening 124. A second opening 138 is defined bya second edge 122A of a first strut 144 and a second edge 122B of asecond strut 146. First opening 124, second opening 138 and additionalopenings defined by ocular implant 100 allow aqueous humor to flowlaterally across and/or laterally through ocular implant 100.

As shown in FIG. 5, ocular implant 100 has a first spine 140 and asecond spine 142. First strut 144 and a second strut 146 form a firstframe 136 of ocular implant 100 that extends between first spine 140 andsecond spine 142. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 5, each strutundulates in a circumferential direction as it extends longitudinallybetween first spine 140 and second spine 142.

In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the flexibility of body 102 is at a maximumwhen body 102 is bent by a moment acting about first axis 156, and body102 has less flexibility when bent by a moment acting about an axisother than first axis 156 (e.g., second axis 158 and third axis 160).Stated another way, the bending modulus of body 102 is at a minimum whenbody 102 is bent by a moment acting about first axis 156, and body 102has a greater bending modulus when bent by a moment acting about an axisother than first axis 156 (e.g., second axis 158 and third axis 160).

FIG. 6 is a plan view showing ocular implant 100 shown in the previousfigure. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, no external forces are acting onbody 102 of ocular implant 100, and body 102 is free to assume thegenerally curved resting shape depicted in FIG. 6. Body 102 defines afirst opening 124 that is disposed on an outer side 130 of body 102. Achannel 126 is defined by the inner surface of body 102 and opens in aradially outward direction 132 via first opening 124.

Section lines A-A and B-B are visible in FIG. 6. Section line A-Aintersects a first frame 136 of ocular implant 100. Section line B-Bintersects a first spine 140 of ocular implant 100.

FIG. 7A is a lateral cross-sectional view of ocular implant 100 takenalong section line A-A shown in the previous figure. Section line A-Aintersects a first strut 144 and a second strut 146 of first frame 136at the point where the circumferential undulation of these struts is atits maximum. Body 102 of ocular implant 100 has a longitudinal radius150 and a lateral radius 148. An inner surface 128 of body 102 defines achannel 126. A first opening 124 fluidly communicates with channel 126.

In FIG. 7A, first opening 124 in body 102 can be seen extending betweenfirst edge 120A of first strut 144 and a first edge 120B of second strut146. With reference to FIG. 7A, it will be appreciated that second strut146 has a shape that is a mirror image of the shape of first strut 144.

FIG. 7B is a lateral cross-sectional view of ocular implant 100 takenalong section line B-B shown in the previous figure. Section line B-Bintersects first spine 140 of ocular implant 100. Body 102 has alongitudinal radius 150 and a lateral radius 148. In the embodiment ofFIG. 7B, the center 159 of lateral radius 148 and the center 163 oflongitudinal radius 150 are disposed on opposite sides of first spine140. The center 159 of lateral radius 148 is disposed on a first side offirst spine 140. The center 163 of longitudinal radius 150 is disposedon a second side of second spine 142.

FIG. 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of ocular implant 100 takenalong section line B-B of FIG. 6. First spine 140 includes a first majorside 160, a second major side 162, a first minor side 164, and secondminor side 166. With reference to FIG. 8, it will be appreciated thatfirst major side 160 comprises a concave surface 168. Second major side162 is opposite first major side 160. In the embodiment of FIG. 8,second major side 162 comprises a convex surface 170.

The geometry of the spine provides the ocular implant with flexibilitycharacteristics that may aid in advancing the ocular implant intoSchlemm's canal. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, first spine 140 has athickness T1 extending between first major side 160 and second majorside 162. Also in the embodiment of FIG. 8, first spine 140 has a widthW1 extending between first minor side 164 and second minor side 166.

In some useful embodiments, the spine of an ocular implant in accordancewith this detailed description has an aspect ratio of width W1 tothickness T1 greater than about 2. In some particularly usefulembodiments, the spine of an ocular implant in accordance with thisdetailed description has an aspect ratio of width W1 to thickness T1greater than about 4. In one useful embodiment, the ocular implant has aspine with an aspect ratio of width W1 to thickness T1 of about 5.2.

A first axis 156, a second axis 158 and a third axis 160 are shown inFIG. 8. Second axis 158 is generally perpendicular to first axis 156.Third axis 160 is skewed relative to first axis 156.

In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the flexibility of first spine 140 is at amaximum when first spine 140 is bent by a moment acting about first axis156. First spine 140 has a first flexibility when bent by a momentacting about first axis 156 and less flexibility when bent by a momentacting about an axis other than first axis 156 (e.g., second axis 158and third axis 160). For example, first spine 140 has a secondflexibility when bent by a moment acting about second axis 158 shown inFIG. 8. This second flexibility is less than the first flexibility thatfirst spine 140 has when bent by a moment acting about first axis 156.

In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the bending modulus of first spine 140 isat a minimum when first spine 140 is bent by a moment acting about firstaxis 156. First spine 140 has a first bending modulus when bent by amoment acting about first axis 156 and a greater bending modulus whenbent by a moment acting about an axis other than first axis 156 (e.g.,second axis 158 and third axis 160). For example, first spine 140 has asecond bending modulus when bent by a moment acting about second axis158 shown in FIG. 8. This second bending modulus is greater than thefirst bending modulus that first spine 140 has when bent by a momentacting about first axis 156.

FIG. 9 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of ocular implant 100 takenalong section line A-A of FIG. 6. Section line A-A intersects firststrut 144 and second strut 146 at the point where the circumferentialundulation of these struts is at its maximum.

Each strut shown in FIG. 9 includes a first major side 160, a secondmajor side 162, a first minor side 164, and second minor side 166. Withreference to FIG. 9, it will be appreciated that each first major side160 comprises a concave surface 168 and each second major side 162comprises a convex surface 170.

In the embodiment of FIG. 9, each strut has a thickness T2 extendingbetween first major side 160 and second major side 162. Also in theembodiment of FIG. 9, each strut has a width W2 extending between firstminor side 164 and second minor side 166. In some useful embodiments, anocular implant in accordance with this detailed description includesspines having a width W1 that is greater than the width W2 of the strutsof the ocular implant.

In some useful embodiments, the struts of an ocular implant inaccordance with this detailed description have an aspect ratio of widthW2 to thickness T2 greater than about 2. In some particularly usefulembodiments, the struts of an ocular implant in accordance with thisdetailed description have an aspect ratio of width W2 to thickness T2greater than about 4. One exemplary ocular implant has struts with anaspect ratio of width W2 to thickness T2 of about 4.4.

Body 102 of ocular implant 100 has a longitudinal radius 150 and alateral radius 148. In some useful embodiments, an ocular implant inaccordance with this detailed description is sufficiently flexible toassume a shape matching the longitudinal curvature of Schlemm's canalwhen the ocular implant advanced into the eye. Also in some usefulembodiments, a length of the ocular implant is selected so that theimplant will extend across a pre-selected angular span when the implantis positioned in Schlemm's canal. Examples of pre-selected angular spansthat may be suitable in some applications include 60°, 90°, 150° and180°. The diameter of an ocular implant in accordance with this detaileddescription may be selected so that the ocular implant is dimensioned tolie within and support Schlemm's canal. In some useful embodiments, thediameter of the ocular implant ranges between about 0.005 inches andabout 0.04 inches. In some particularly useful embodiments, the diameterof the ocular implant ranges between about 0.005 inches and about 0.02inches.

It is to be appreciated that an ocular implant in accordance with thepresent detailed description may be straight or curved. If the ocularimplant is curved, it may have a substantially uniform longitudinalradius throughout its length, or the longitudinal radius of the ocularimplant may vary along its length. FIG. 6 shows one example of an ocularimplant having a substantially uniform radius of curvature. FIG. 10shows one example of an ocular implant having a longitudinal radius ofcurvature that varies along the length of the ocular implant. An exampleof a substantially straight ocular implant is shown in FIG. 11.

FIG. 10 is a plan view showing an ocular implant 200 having a radius ofcurvature that varies along its length. In the embodiment of FIG. 10,ocular implant 200 has an at rest shape that is generally curved. Thisat rest shape can be established, for example, using a heat-settingprocess. The ocular implant shape shown in FIG. 10 includes a distalradius RA, a proximal radius RC, and an intermediate radius RB. In theembodiment of FIG. 10, distal radius RA is larger than both intermediateradius RB and proximal radius RC. Also in the embodiment of FIG. 10,intermediate radius RB is larger than proximal radius RC and smallerthan distal radius RA. In one useful embodiment, distal radius RA isabout 0.320 inches, intermediate radius RB is about 0.225 inches andproximal radius RC is about 0.205 inches.

In the embodiment of FIG. 10, a distal portion of the ocular implantfollows an arc extending across an angle AA. A proximal portion of theocular implant follows an arc extending across an angle AC. Anintermediate portion of the ocular implant is disposed between theproximal portion and the distal portion. The intermediate portionextends across an angle AB. In one useful embodiment, angle AA is about55 degrees, angle AB is about 79 degrees and angle AC is about 60degrees.

Ocular implant 200 may be used in conjunction with a method of treatingthe eye of a human patient for a disease and/or disorder (e.g.,glaucoma). Some such methods may include the step of inserting a coremember into a lumen defined by ocular implant 200. The core member maycomprise, for example, a wire or tube. The distal end of the ocularimplant may be inserted into Schlemm's canal. The ocular implant and thecore member may then be advanced into Schlemm's canal until the ocularimplant has reached a desired position. In some embodiments, an inletportion of the implant may be disposed in the anterior chamber of eyewhile the remainder of the implant extends through the trabecular meshinto Schlemm's canal. The core member may then be withdrawn from theocular implant, leaving the implant in place to support tissue formingSchlemm's canal. Further details of ocular implant delivery systems maybe found in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/943,289, filed Nov. 20, 2007,now U.S. Pat. No. 8,512,404, the disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

The flexibility and bending modulus features of the ocular implant ofthis invention help ensure proper orientation of the implant withinSchlemm's canal. FIG. 1 shows the desired orientation of opening 124when the implant 100 is disposed in Schlemm's canal. As shown, opening124 faces radially outward. The implant 100 is therefore designed sothat it is maximally flexible when bent along a plane defined by thelongitudinal axis of implant 100 as shown in FIG. 1, and less flexiblewhen bent in other planes, thereby enabling the curved shape ofSchlemm's canal to help place the implant in this orientationautomatically if the implant is initially placed in Schlemm's canal in adifferent orientation.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view showing an ocular implant 300 inaccordance with an additional embodiment in accordance with the presentdetailed description. With reference to FIG. 11, it will be appreciatedthat ocular implant 300 has a resting (i.e., unstressed) shape that isgenerally straight. Ocular implant 300 extends along a longitudinal axis334 that is generally straight. In some useful embodiments, ocularimplant 300 is sufficiently flexible to assume a curved shape whenadvanced into Schlemm's canal of an eye.

Ocular implant 300 comprises a body 302. With reference to FIG. 11, itwill be appreciated that body 302 comprises a plurality of tissuesupporting frames 304 and a plurality of spines 306. As shown in FIG.11, these spines 306 and frames 304 are arranged in an alternatingpattern in which one spine extends between each adjacent pair of frames304. The frames 304 of body 302 include a first frame 336 of ocularimplant 300 is disposed between a first spine 340 and a second spine342. In the embodiment of FIG. 11, first frame 336 comprises a firststrut 344 that extends between first spine 340 and second spine 342. Asecond strut 346 of first frame also extends between first spine 340 andsecond spine 342. Each strut undulates in a circumferential direction asit extends longitudinally between first spine 340 and second spine 342.

An inner surface 328 of body 302 defines a channel 326. Body 302 ofocular implant 300 includes a first edge 320 and a second edge 322 thatdefine a first opening 324. Channel 326 of ocular implant 300 fluidlycommunicates with first opening 324. First strut 344 of first frame 336comprises a first edge 325A. Second strut 346 has a first edge 325B. InFIG. 11, first opening 324 in body 302 can be seen extending betweenfirst edge 325A of first strut 344 and a first edge 325B of second strut346.

A first axis 356, a second axis 358 and a third axis 360 are shown inFIG. 11. Second axis 358 is generally perpendicular to first axis 356.Third axis 360 is generally skewed relative to first axis 356. Theflexibility of body 302 is at a maximum when body 302 is bent by amoment acting about first axis 356, and body 302 has less flexibilitywhen bent by a moment acting about an axis other than first axis 356(e.g., second axis 358 and third axis 360). Stated another way, in theembodiment of FIG. 11, the bending modulus of body 302 is at a minimumwhen body 302 is bent by a moment acting about first axis 356, and body302 has a greater bending modulus when bent by a moment acting about anaxis other than first axis 356 (e.g., second axis 358 and third axis360).

Many of the figures illustrating embodiments of the invention show onlyportions of the ocular implant. It should be understood that manyembodiments of the invention include an inlet portion (such as inlet 101in FIG. 6 and inlet 201 in FIG. 10) that can be placed within theanterior chamber to provide communication of aqueous humor from theanterior chamber through the trabecular mesh into Schlemm's canal viathe ocular implant. Further details of the inlet feature may be found inU.S. application Ser. No. 11/860,318.

FIG. 12 is a stylized representation of a medical procedure inaccordance with this detailed description. In the procedure of FIG. 12,a physician is treating an eye 1220 of a patient P. In the procedure ofFIG. 12, the physician is holding a delivery system 12100 in his or herright hand RH. The physician's left hand (not shown) may be used to holdthe handle H of a gonio lens 1223. It will be appreciated that somephysician's may prefer holding the delivery system handle in the lefthand and the gonio lens handle H in the right hand RH.

During the procedure illustrated in FIG. 12, the physician may view theinterior of the anterior chamber using gonio lens 1223 and a microscope1225. Detail A of FIG. 12 is a stylized simulation of the image viewedby the physician. A distal portion of a cannula 12102 is visible inDetail A. A shadow-like line indicates the location of Schlemm's canalSC which is lying under various tissue (e.g., the trabecular meshwork)that surround the anterior chamber. A distal opening 12104 of cannula12102 is positioned near Schlemm's canal SC of eye 1220. In some methodsin accordance with this detailed description, distal opening 12104 ofcannula 12102 is placed in fluid communication with Schlemm's canal SC.When this is the case, an ocular implant may be advanced through distalopening 12104 and into Schlemm's canal SC.

FIG. 13A is a perspective view further illustrating delivery system12100 and eye 1220 shown in the previous Figure. In FIG. 13A, cannula12102 of delivery system 12100 is shown extending through a cornea 1240of eye 1220. A distal portion of cannula 12102 is disposed inside theanterior chamber defined by cornea 1240 of eye 1220. In the embodimentof FIG. 13A, cannula 12102 is configured so that a distal opening 12104of cannula 12102 can be placed in fluid communication with Schlemm'scanal.

In the embodiment of FIG. 13A, an ocular implant is disposed in a lumendefined by cannula 12102. Delivery system 12100 includes a mechanismthat is capable of advancing and retracting the ocular implant along thelength of cannula 12102. The ocular implant may be placed in Schlemm'scanal of eye 1220 by advancing the ocular implant through distal opening12104 of cannula 12102 while distal opening 12104 is in fluidcommunication with Schlemm's canal.

FIG. 13B is an enlarged detail view further illustrating cannula 12102of delivery system 12100. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 13B, anocular implant 12126 has been advanced through distal opening 12104 ofcannula 12102. Cannula 12102 of FIG. 13B defines a passageway 12124 thatfluidly communicates with distal opening 12104. Ocular implant 12126 maybe moved along passageway 12124 and through distal opening by deliverysystem 12100. Delivery system 12100 includes a mechanism capable ofperforming this function.

FIG. 14 is a stylized perspective view illustrating a portion of eye1220 discussed above. Eye 1220 includes an iris 1230 defining a pupil1232. In FIG. 14, eye 1220 is shown as a cross-sectional view created bya cutting plane passing through the center of pupil 1232. Eye 1220 canbe conceptualized as a fluid filled ball having two chambers. Sclera1234 of eye 1220 surrounds a posterior chamber PC filled with a viscousfluid known as vitreous humor. Cornea 1236 of eye 1220 encloses ananterior chamber AC that is filled with a fluid known as aqueous humor.The cornea 1236 meets the sclera 1234 at a limbus 1238 of eye 1220. Alens 1240 of eye 1220 is located between anterior chamber AC andposterior chamber PC. Lens 1240 is held in place by a number of ciliaryzonules 1242.

Whenever a person views an object, he or she is viewing that objectthrough the cornea, the aqueous humor, and the lens of the eye. In orderto be transparent, the cornea and the lens can include no blood vessels.Accordingly, no blood flows through the cornea and the lens to providenutrition to these tissues and to remove wastes from these tissues.Instead, these functions are performed by the aqueous humor. Acontinuous flow of aqueous humor through the eye provides nutrition toportions of the eye (e.g., the cornea and the lens) that have no bloodvessels. This flow of aqueous humor also removes waste from thesetissues.

Aqueous humor is produced by an organ known as the ciliary body. Theciliary body includes epithelial cells that continuously secrete aqueoushumor. In a healthy eye, a stream of aqueous humor flows out of the eyeas new aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelial cells of the ciliarybody. This excess aqueous humor enters the blood stream and is carriedaway by venous blood leaving the eye.

Schlemm's canal SC is a tube-like structure that encircles iris 1230.Two laterally cut ends of Schlemm's canal SC are visible in thecross-sectional view of FIG. 14. In a healthy eye, aqueous humor flowsout of anterior chamber AC and into Schlemm's canal SC. Aqueous humorexits Schlemm's canal SC and flows into a number of collector channels.After leaving Schlemm's canal SC, aqueous humor is absorbed into thevenous blood stream and carried out of the eye.

FIG. 15 is a stylized perspective view showing Schlemm's canal SC andiris 1230 of eye 1220 shown in the previous Figure. In FIG. 15,Schlemm's canal SC is shown encircling iris 1230. With reference to FIG.15, it will be appreciated that Schlemm's canal SC may overhang iris1230 slightly. Iris 1230 defines a pupil 1232. In the embodiment of FIG.15, Schlemm's canal SC and iris 1230 are shown in cross-section, with acutting plane passing through the center of pupil 1232.

The shape of Schlemm's canal SC is somewhat irregular, and can vary frompatient to patient. The shape of Schlemm's canal SC may beconceptualized as a cylindrical-tube that has been partially flattened.With reference to FIG. 15, it will be appreciated that Schlemm's canalSC has a first major side 1250, a second major side 1252, a first minorside 1254, and a second minor side 1256.

Schlemm's canal SC forms a ring around iris 1230 with pupil 1232disposed in the center of that ring. With reference to FIG. 15, it willbe appreciated that first major side 1250 is on the outside of the ringformed by Schlemm's canal SC and second major side 1252 is on the insideof the ring formed by Schlemm's canal SC. Accordingly, first major side1250 may be referred to as an outer major side of Schlemm's canal SC andsecond major side 1252 may be referred to as an inner major side ofSchlemm's canal SC. With reference to FIG. 15, it will be appreciatedthat first major side 1250 is further from pupil 1232 than second majorside 1252.

FIG. 16 is an enlarged cross-sectional view further illustratingSchlemm's canal SC shown in the previous Figure. With reference to FIG.16, it will be appreciated that Schlemm's canal SC comprises a wall Wdefining a lumen 1258. The shape of Schlemm's canal SC is somewhatirregular, and can vary from patient to patient. The shape of Schlemm'scanal SC may be conceptualized as a cylindrical-tube that has beenpartially flattened. The cross-sectional shape of lumen 1258 may becompared to the shape of an ellipse. A major axis 1260 and a minor axis1262 of lumen 1258 are illustrated with dashed lines in FIG. 16.

The length of major axis 1260 and minor axis 1262 can vary from patientto patient. The length of minor axis 1262 is between one and thirtymicrometers in most patients. The length of major axis 1260 is betweenone hundred and fifty micrometers and three hundred and fiftymicrometers in most patients.

With reference to FIG. 16, it will be appreciated that Schlemm's canalSC comprises a first major side 1250, a second major side 1252, a firstminor side 1254, and a second minor side 1256. In the embodiment of FIG.16, first major side 1250 is longer than both first minor side 1254 andsecond minor side 1256. Also in the embodiment of FIG. 16, second majorside 1252 is longer than both first minor side 1254 and second minorside 1256.

FIG. 17 is a perspective view showing an ocular implant in accordancewith this detailed description. Ocular implant 12126 of FIG. 17comprises a body 12128 that extends along a generally curvedlongitudinal central axis 12148. In the embodiment of FIG. 17, body12128 has a radius of curvature R that is represented with an arrowextending between a lateral central axis 12176 and body 12128.

Body 12128 of ocular implant 12126 has a first major surface 12130 and asecond major surface 12132. With reference to FIG. 17, it will beappreciated that body 12128 is curved about longitudinal central axis12148 so that first major surface 12130 comprises a concave surface12136 and second major surface 12132 comprises a convex surface 12134.The curvature of body 12128 can be pre-sized and configured to alignwith the curvature of Schlemm's canal in a patient's eye.

A distal portion of body 12128 defines a longitudinal channel 12138including a channel opening 12139. Channel opening 12139 is disposeddiametrically opposite a central portion 12135 of concave surface 12136.Because of the curvature of the body 12128, an outer diameter of theimplant defined by the channel opening 12139 will be greater than aninner diameter of the implant defined by surface 12132. In someembodiments, the body is pre-biased to assume a configuration in whichthe channel opening 12139 is disposed along an outer diameter of thebody, ensuring that the channel opening can be positioned adjacent tothe first major side 1250 of Schlemm's canal.

In the embodiment of FIG. 17, central portion 12135 of concave surface12136 defines a plurality of apertures 12137. Each aperture 12137fluidly communicates with channel 12138. In some useful embodiments,body 12128 is adapted and configured such that ocular implant 12126assumes an orientation in which channel opening 12139 is adjacent amajor side of Schlemm's canal when ocular implant 12126 is disposed inSchlemm's canal. Ocular implant 12126 can be made, for example, by lasercutting body 12128 from a length of metal or a shape memory material(e.g., nitinol or stainless steel) tubing.

FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B are section views showing an ocular implant 12126disposed in Schlemm's canal SC of an eye. FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B may becollectively referred to as FIG. 18. The eye of FIG. 18 includes an iris1230. A central portion of iris 1230 defines a pupil 1232. Schlemm'scanal SC is disposed near an outer edge of iris 1230. The trabecularmeshwork TM extends up from the iris of overlays Schlemm's canal SC. Thepicture plane of FIG. 18 extends laterally across Schlemm's canal SC andthe trabecular meshwork TM.

Schlemm's canal SC forms a ring around iris 1230 with pupil 1232disposed in the center of that ring. Schlemm's canal SC has a firstmajor side 1250, a second major side 1252, a first minor side 1254, anda second minor side 1256. With reference to FIG. 18, it will beappreciated that first major side 1250 is further from pupil 1232 thansecond major side 1252. In the embodiment of FIG. 18, first major side1250 is an outer major side of Schlemm's canal SC and second major side1252 is an inner major side of Schlemm's canal SC.

In the embodiment of FIG. 18A, a distal portion of ocular implant 12126is shown resting in Schlemm's canal SC. A proximal portion of ocularimplant 12126 is shown extending out of Schlemm's canal SC, throughtrebecular meshwork TM and into anterior chamber AC. Ocular implant12126 of FIG. 18 comprises a body having a first major surface 12130 anda second major surface 12132. With reference to FIG. 17, it will beappreciated that the body of ocular implant 126 is curved about alongitudinal central axis so that first major surface 12130 comprises aconcave surface and second major surface 12132 comprises a convexsurface.

A distal portion of ocular implant 12126 defines a longitudinal channel12138 including a channel opening 12139. Channel opening 12139 isdisposed diametrically opposite a central portion 12135 of first majorsurface 12130. In the embodiment of FIG. 18A, ocular implant 12126 isassuming an orientation in which channel opening 12139 is adjacent andopen to first major side 50 of Schlemm's canal. In the embodiment ofFIG. 18B, ocular implant 12126 is assuming an orientation in whichchannel opening 12139 is adjacent and open to second major side 1252 ofSchlemm's canal.

FIG. 19A, FIG. 19B and FIG. 19C illustrate multiple plan views of animplant 12126 in accordance with the present detailed description. FIG.19A, FIG. 19B and FIG. 19C may be referred to collectively as FIG. 19.It is customary to refer to multi-view projections using terms such asfront view, top view, and side view. In accordance with this convention,FIG. 19A may be referred to as a top view of implant 12126, FIG. 19B maybe referred to as a side view of implant 12126, and FIG. 19C may bereferred to as a bottom view of implant 12126. The terms top view, sideview, and bottom view are used herein as a convenient method fordifferentiating between the views shown in FIG. 19. It will beappreciated that the implant shown in FIG. 8 may assume variousorientations without deviating from the spirit and scope of thisdetailed description. Accordingly, the terms top view, side view, andbottom view should not be interpreted to limit the scope of theinvention recited in the attached claims.

Ocular implant 12126 of FIG. 19 comprises a body 12128 that extendsalong a longitudinal central axis 12148. Body 12128 of ocular implant12126 has a first major surface 12130 and a second major surface 12132.In the embodiment of FIG. 19, body 12128 is curved about longitudinalcentral axis 12148 so that first major surface 12130 comprises a concavesurface 12136 and second major surface 12132 comprises a convex surface12134.

A distal portion of body 12128 defines a longitudinal channel 12138including a channel opening 12139. Channel opening 12139 is disposeddiametrically opposite a central portion 12135 of concave surface 12136.In the embodiment of FIG. 19, central portion 12135 of concave surface12136 defines a plurality of apertures 12137. Each aperture 12137fluidly communicates with channel 12138. In some useful embodiments,body 12128 is adapted and configured such that ocular implant 12126assumes an orientation in which channel opening 12139 is adjacent amajor side of Schlemm's canal when ocular implant 12126 is disposed inSchlemm's canal.

FIG. 20 is a lateral cross-sectional view of ocular implant 12126 takenalong section line A-A shown in the previous Figure. Ocular implant12126 comprises a body 12128 having a first major surface 12130 and asecond major surface 12132. With reference to FIG. 20, it will beappreciated that body 12128 curves around a longitudinal central axis12148 so that first major surface 12130 comprises a concave surface12136 and second major surface 12132 comprises a convex surface 12134.The concave surface 12136 of body 12128 defines a longitudinal channel12138 having a channel opening 12139.

As shown in FIG. 20, channel 12138 has a width WD and a depth DP. Body12128 of ocular implant 12126 has a first lateral extent EF and a secondlateral extent ES. In some cases, body 12128 is adapted and configuredsuch that ocular implant 12126 automatically assumes an orientation inwhich the channel opening is adjacent a major side of Schlemm's canalwhen ocular implant 12126 is disposed in Schlemm's canal. In some usefulembodiments, an aspect ratio of first lateral extent EF to secondlateral extent ES is greater than about one. In some particularly usefulembodiments, the aspect ratio of first lateral extent EF to secondlateral extent ES is about two. In some useful embodiments, the aspectratio of first lateral extent EF to second lateral extent ES is greaterthan about two. In some useful embodiments, an aspect ratio of channelwidth WD to channel depth DP is greater than about one. In someparticularly useful embodiments, the aspect ratio of channel width WD tochannel depth DP is about two. In some useful embodiments, the aspectratio of channel width WD to channel depth DP is greater than about two.

FIG. 21A is a perspective view of an ocular implant 12126 and FIG. 21Bis a stylized perspective view showing Schlemm's canal SC encircling aniris 1230. FIG. 21A and FIG. 21B may be collectively referred to as FIG.21. With reference to FIG. 21B, it will be appreciated that Schlemm'scanal SC may overhang iris 1230 slightly. Iris 1230 defines a pupil1232. Schlemm's canal SC forms a ring around iris 1230 with pupil 1232disposed in the center of that ring. With reference to FIG. 21B, it willbe appreciated that Schlemm's canal SC has a first major side 1250, asecond major side 1252, a first minor side 1254, and a second minor side1256. With reference to FIG. 21B, it will be appreciated that firstmajor side 1250 is further from pupil 1232 than second major side 1252.In the embodiment of FIG. 21B, first major side 1250 is an outer majorside of Schlemm's canal SC and second major side 1252 is an inner majorside of Schlemm's canal SC.

For purposes of illustration, a window 1270 is cut through first majorside 1250 of Schlemm's canal SC in FIG. 21B. Through window 1270, anocular implant 12126 can be seen residing in a lumen defined bySchlemm's canal. Ocular implant 12126 of FIG. 21 comprises a body 12128having a first major surface 12130. First major surface 12130 of body12128 comprises a concave surface 12136. Body 12128 defines alongitudinal channel 12138 including a channel opening 12139. Channelopening 12139 is disposed diametrically opposite a central portion 12135of concave surface 12136. In the embodiment of FIG. 21B, ocular implant12126 is assuming an orientation in which channel opening 12139 isadjacent first major side 1250 of Schlemm's canal.

FIG. 22A is a perspective view showing a delivery system 12100 that maybe used to advance an ocular implant 12126 into Schlemm's canal of aneye. Delivery system 12100 includes a cannula 12102 that is coupled to ahandle H. Cannula 12102 defines a distal opening 21104. The distalportion of cannula 21102 of delivery system 12100 is configured andadapted to be inserted into the anterior chamber of a human subject'seye so that distal opening 12104 is positioned near Schlemm's canal ofthe eye. Cannula 12102 is sized and configured so that the distal end ofcannula 21102 can be advanced through the trabecular meshwork of the eyeand into Schlemm's canal. Positioning cannula 12102 in this way placesdistal opening 12104 in fluid communication with Schlemm's canal.

In the embodiment of FIG. 22A, an ocular implant is disposed in apassageway defined by cannula 12102. Delivery system 12100 includes amechanism that is capable of advancing and retracting the ocular implantalong the length of cannula 12102. The ocular implant may be placed inSchlemm's canal of eye 1220 by advancing the ocular implant throughdistal opening 12104 of cannula 12102 while distal opening 12104 is influid communication with Schlemm's canal.

FIG. 22B is an enlarged detail view further illustrating cannula 12102of delivery system 12100. With reference to FIG. 22B, it will beappreciated that cannula 12102 comprises a tubular member defining adistal opening 12104, a proximal opening 12105, and a passageway 12124extending between proximal opening 12105 and distal opening 12104. Withreference to FIG. 22B, it will be appreciated that cannula 12102includes a curved portion 12107 disposed between distal opening 12104and proximal opening 12105.

In the embodiment of FIG. 22B, an ocular implant 12126 is disposed inpassageway 12124 defined by cannula 12102. Ocular implant 12126 of FIG.22B comprises a body 12128 that extends along a generally curvedlongitudinal central axis 12148. Body 12128 of ocular implant 12126 hasa first major surface 12130 and a second major surface 12132. Withreference to FIG. 22B, it will be appreciated that body 12128 is curvedabout longitudinal central axis 12148 so that first major surface 12130defines a longitudinal channel 12138 and second major surface 12132comprises a convex surface 12134. Longitudinal channel 12138 includes achannel opening 12139. Ocular implant 12126 is orient relative todelivery cannula 12102 such that longitudinal channel 12138 of ocularimplant 12126 opens in a radially outward direction RD when ocularimplant 12126 is disposed in curved portion 12107. Radially outwarddirection RD is illustrated using an arrow in FIG. 22B. Distal opening12104 of cannula 12102 may be placed in fluid communication withSchlemm's canal of an eye. Implant 12126 may be advanced through distalopening 12104 and into Schlemm's canal while assuming the orientationshown in FIG. 22B. When this is the case, ocular implant 12126 may beoriented such that channel opening 12139 is adjacent an outer major sideof Schlemm's canal when ocular implant 12126 is disposed in Schlemm'scanal.

FIG. 23 is an enlarged perspective view of an assembly 12106 includingan ocular implant 12126, a sheath 12120, and a cannula 12102. Forpurposes of illustration, cannula 12102 is cross-sectionally illustratedin FIG. 23. In the embodiment of FIG. 23, a sheath 12120 is shownextending into a passageway 12124 defined by cannula 12102. In FIG. 23,sheath 12120 is illustrated in a transparent manner with a pattern ofdots indicating the presence of sheath 12120.

With reference to FIG. 23, it will be appreciated that an implant 12126is disposed in a lumen 12122 defined by sheath 12120. Implant 12126comprises a body 12128 having a first major surface 12130 and a secondmajor surface 12132. In the embodiment of FIG. 23, body 12128 curvesaround a longitudinal central axis so that first major surface 12130comprises a concave surface and second major surface 12132 comprises aconvex surface 12134. The concave surface of body 12128 defines alongitudinal channel 12138. In FIG. 23, a core 12166 is shown extendingthrough longitudinal channel 12138.

Body 12128 of ocular implant 12126 defines a plurality of openings12140. In the embodiment of FIG. 23, sheath 12120 is covering openings12140. With reference to FIG. 23, it will be appreciated that sheath12120 comprises a proximal portion 12150 defining a lumen 12122 and adistal portion 12152 defining a distal aperture 12154. Core 12166 isshown extending through distal aperture 12154 in FIG. 23. In theembodiment of FIG. 23, distal portion 12152 of sheath 12120 has agenerally tapered shape.

FIG. 24 is an additional perspective view of assembly 12106 shown in theprevious Figure. In FIG. 24, core 12166, sheath 12120, and implant 12126are shown extending through a distal port 12104 of cannula 12102. Core12166, sheath 12120, and implant 12126 have been moved in a distaldirection relative to the position of those elements shown in theprevious Figure.

A push tube 12180 is visible in FIG. 24. In FIG. 24, a distal end ofpush tube 12180 is shown contacting a proximal end of implant 12126. Inthe embodiment of FIG. 24, push tube 12180 is disposed in a lumen 12122defined by sheath 12120. Sheath 12120 comprises a proximal portion 12150defining a passageway 12124 and a distal portion 12152 defining a distalaperture 12154. Implant 12126 is disposed in lumen 12122 defined bysheath 12120. In FIG. 24, core 12166 is shown extending through achannel 12138 defined by implant 12126 and a distal aperture 12154defined by distal portion 12152 of sheath 12120.

FIG. 25 is an additional perspective view showing assembly 12106 shownin the previous Figure. With reference to FIG. 25, it will beappreciated that implant 12126 is disposed outside of cannula 12102. Inthe embodiment of FIG. 25, core 12166, sheath 12120, and push tube 12180have been advanced further so that implant 12126 is in a positionoutside of cannula 12102.

Methods in accordance with the present invention can be used to deliveran implant into Schlemm's canal of an eye. In these methods, a distalportion of core 12166 and sheath 12120 may be advanced out of the distalport of cannula 12102 and into Schlemm's canal. Ocular implant 12126 maybe disposed inside sheath 12120 while the distal portion of the sheath12120 is advanced into Schlemm's canal. Sheath 12120 and core 12166 maythen be retracted while push tube 12180 prevents implant 12126 frombeing pulled proximally.

FIG. 26 is an additional perspective view showing the assembly 12106shown in the previous Figure. In the embodiment of FIG. 26, core 12166and sheath 12120 have been moved in a proximal direction relative toimplant 12126. With reference to FIG. 26, it will be appreciated thatimplant 12126 is now disposed outside of sheath 12120. Some methods inaccordance with the present detailed description include the step ofapplying a proximally directed force to sheath 12120 and core 12166while providing a distally directed reactionary force on implant 12126to prevent implant 12126 from moving proximally. When this is the case,implant 12126 may pass through distal aperture 12154 of sheath 12120 assheath 12120 is retracted over implant 12126.

In the embodiment of FIG. 26, distal portion 12152 of sheath 12120comprises a first region 12156 and a second region 12158. The frangibleconnection between first region 12156 and second region 12158 has beenbroken in the embodiment of FIG. 26. This frangible connection may beselectively broken, for example, when sheath 12120 is moved in aproximal direction relative to implant 12126 due to the larger diameterof implant 12126 with respect to the diameters of distal portion 12152and opening 12154 of sheath 12120. With reference to FIG. 26, it will beappreciated that the width of distal aperture 12154 becomes larger whenthe frangible connection is broken.

With reference to the Figures described above, it will be appreciatedthat methods in accordance with the present detailed description may beused to position a distal portion of an implant in Schlemm's canal of aneye. A method in accordance with the present detailed description mayinclude the step of advancing a distal end of a cannula through a corneaof the eye so that a distal portion of the cannula is disposed in theanterior chamber of the eye. The cannula may be used to access Schlemm'scanal, for example, by piercing the wall of Schlemm's canal with adistal portion of the cannula. A distal portion of a sheath may beadvanced out of a distal port of the cannula and into Schlemm's canal.An ocular implant may be disposed inside the sheath while the distalportion of the sheath is advanced into Schlemm's canal.

In some useful methods, the ocular implant comprises a body defining aplurality of apertures and the method includes the step of covering theapertures with a sheath. When this is the case, the distal portion ofthe implant may be advanced into Schlemm's canal while the apertures arecovered by the sheath. Covering the apertures as the implant is advancedinto Schlemm's canal may reduce the trauma inflicted on Schlemm's canalby the procedure. The apertures may be uncovered, for example, after theimplant has reached a desired location (e.g., inside Schlemm's canal).

The apertures of the implant may be uncovered, for example, by movingthe sheath in a proximal direction relative to the implant. In someapplications, this may be accomplished by applying a proximal directedforce to the sheath while holding the implant stationary. The implantmay be held stationary, for example, by applying a distally directedreaction force on the implant. In one embodiment, a distally directedreaction force is provided by pushing on a proximal end of the implantwith a push tube.

Some methods include the step of ceasing advancement of the sheath intoSchlemm's canal when a proximal portion of the implant remains in ananterior chamber of the eye and a distal portion of the implant lies inSchlemm's canal. When this is the case, only a distal portion of theimplant is advanced into Schlemm's canal. The portion of the implantextending out of Schlemm's canal and into the anterior chamber mayprovide a path for fluid flow between the anterior chamber and Schlemm'scanal.

An assembly may be created by placing a core in a channel defined by theocular implant. A sheath may be placed around the implant and the core.For example, the core and the implant may then be inserted into thelumen of a sheath. By way of another example, the sheath may be slippedover the implant and the core. The core may be withdrawn from thechannel defined by the ocular implant, for example, after the implanthas been delivered to a desired location.

The core may be withdrawn from the channel, for example, by moving thecore in a proximal direction relative to the implant. In someapplications, this may be accomplished by applying a proximal directedforce to the core while holding the implant stationary. The implant maybe held stationary, for example, by applying a distally directedreaction force on the implant. In one embodiment, a distally directedreaction force is provided by pushing on a proximal end of the implantwith a push tube.

The core, the implant, and the sheath may be advanced into Schlemm'scanal together. Once the implant is in a desired location, the core andthe sheath may be withdrawn from the Schlemm's canal leaving the implantin the desired location. In some methods, the core and the sheath arewithdrawn from Schlemm's canal simultaneously.

FIG. 27A and FIG. 27B are perspective views showing a sheath 12120 inaccordance with the present detailed description. FIG. 27A and FIG. 27Bmay be referred to collectively as FIG. 27. Sheath 12120 of FIG. 27comprises a proximal portion 12150 defining a lumen 12122 and a distalportion 12152 defining a distal aperture 12154. With reference to FIG.27, it will be appreciated that lumen 12122 is generally larger thandistal aperture 12154.

In the embodiment of FIG. 27A, distal portion 12152 of sheath 12120comprises a first region 12156, a second region 12158, and a frangibleconnection 12160 between first region 12156 and second region 12158. InFIG. 27A, a slit 12164 defined by distal portion 12152 is shown disposedbetween first region 12156 and second region 12158. In the embodiment ofFIG. 27A, frangible connection 12160 comprises a bridge 12162 extendingacross slit 12164.

In the embodiment of FIG. 27B, frangible connection 12160 has beenbroken. Frangible connection 12160 may be selectively broken, forexample, by moving sheath 12120 in a proximal direction relative to animplant disposed in lumen 12122 having a diameter larger than thediameters of distal opening 12154 and distal portion 12152 of sheath12120. With reference to FIG. 27, it will be appreciated that distalaperture 12154 becomes larger when frangible connection 12160 is broken.

In the embodiment of FIG. 27, the presence of slit 12164 creates alocalized line of weakness in distal portion 12152 of sheath 12120. Thislocalized line of weakness causes distal portion 12152 to selectivelytear in the manner shown in FIG. 27. It is to be appreciated that distalportion 12152 may comprise various elements that create a localized lineof weakness without deviating from the spirit and scope of the presentdetailed description. Examples of possible elements include: a skive cutextending partially through the wall of distal portion 12120, a seriesof holes extending through the wall of distal portion 12120, a perf cut,a crease, and a score cut.

FIG. 28 is a perspective view of an assembly including sheath 12120shown in the previous Figure. In the embodiment of FIG. 28, an implant12126 is shown extending through distal aperture 12154 defined by distalportion 12152 of sheath 12120. Implant 12126 defines a channel 12138. InFIG. 28, a core 12166 can be seen resting in channel 12138. Implant12126 and core 12166 extend proximally into lumen 12122 defined bysheath 12120. Distal portion 12152 of sheath 12120 comprises a firstregion 12156 and a second region 12158.

FIG. 29A and FIG. 29B are simplified plan views showing a sheath 12120in accordance with the present detailed description. Sheath 12120comprises a distal portion 12152 including a first region 12156, asecond region 12158 and a frangible connection between first region12156 and second region 12158. In the embodiment of FIG. 19A, frangibleconnection 12160 is intact. In the embodiment of FIG. 19B, frangibleconnection 12160 is broken. FIG. 29A and FIG. 29B may be referred tocollectively as FIG. 29.

Sheath 12120 of FIG. 29 comprises a proximal portion 12150 defining alumen 12122. In the embodiment of FIG. 29, an implant 12126 is disposedin lumen 12122. Lumen 12122 fluidly communicates with a distal aperture12154 defined by distal portion 12152 of sheath 12120. Distal portion12152 includes a slit 12164 disposed between first region 12156 andsecond region 12158. In FIG. 29A, a bridge 12162 can be seen spanningslit 12164. In some useful embodiments, distal portion 12152 of sheath12120 has a first hoop strength and proximal portion 12150 sheath 12120has a second hoop strength. The first hoop strength may be limited bythe frangible connection in the embodiment of FIG. 29A. When this is thecase, the second hoop strength is greater than the first hoop strength.

Sheath 12120 of FIG. 29 comprises a proximal portion 12150 defining alumen 12122 and a distal portion 12152 defining a distal aperture 12154.Lumen 12122 has a lumen width LW. Distal aperture has an aperture widthAW when frangible connection 12160 is intact. With reference to FIG.29B, it will be appreciated that the distal aperture 12154 is free toopen further when frangible connection 12160 is broken.

In some useful embodiments, lumen width LW of lumen 12122 is equal to orgreater than the width of an implant 12126 disposed in lumen 12122. Insome of these useful embodiments, aperture width AW is smaller than thewidth of the implant 12126. When this is the case, frangible connection12160 can be selectively broken by moving sheath 12120 in a proximaldirection relative to the implant 12126.

FIG. 30A, FIG. 30B and FIG. 30C are multiple plan views of an implant12326 in accordance with the present detailed description. FIG. 30A,FIG. 30B and FIG. 30C may be referred to collectively as FIG. 1309. FIG.30A may be referred to as a top view of implant 12326, FIG. 30B may bereferred to as a side view of implant 12326, and FIG. 30C may bereferred to as a bottom view of implant 12326. The terms top view, sideview, and bottom view are used herein as a convenient method fordifferentiating between the views shown in FIG. 30. It will beappreciated that the implant shown in FIG. 30 may assume variousorientations without deviating from the spirit and scope of thisdetailed description. Accordingly, the terms top view, side view, andbottom view should not be interpreted to limit the scope of theinvention recited in the attached claims.

Ocular implant 12326 of FIG. 30 comprises a body 12328 that extendsalong a longitudinal central axis 12348. Body 12328 of ocular implant12326 has a first major surface 12330 and a second major surface 12332.In the embodiment of FIG. 30, body 12328 is curved about longitudinalcentral axis 12348 so that first major surface 12330 comprises a concavesurface 12336 and second major surface 12332 comprises a convex surface12334.

A distal portion of body 12328 defines a longitudinal channel 12338including a channel opening 12339. Channel opening 12339 is disposeddiametrically opposite a central portion 12335 of concave surface 12336.In the embodiment of FIG. 30, central portion 12335 of concave surface12336 defines a plurality of apertures 12337. Each aperture 12337fluidly communicates with channel 12338.

FIG. 31 is a lateral cross-sectional view of ocular implant 12326 takenalong section line B-B shown in the previous Figure. Ocular implant12326 comprises a body 12328 having a first major surface 12330 and asecond major surface 12332. With reference to FIG. 31, it will beappreciated that body 12328 curves around a longitudinal central axis12348 so that first major surface 12330 comprises a concave surface12336 and second major surface 12332 comprises a convex surface 12334.The concave surface 12336 of body 12328 defines a longitudinal channel12338 having a channel opening 12339. As shown in FIG. 31, body 12328has a circumferential extent that spans an angle W. In the embodiment ofFIG. 31, angle W has a magnitude that is greater than one hundred eightydegrees.

FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view showing an implant 12326 in accordancewith the present detailed description. Ocular implant 12326 of FIG. 32comprises a body 12328 that extends along a generally curvedlongitudinal central axis 348. In the embodiment of FIG. 32, body 12328has a distal radius of curvature RD and a proximal radius of curvatureRP. Each radius of curvature is represented with an arrow in FIG. 32.Distal radius of curvature RD is represented by an arrow extendingbetween a first lateral central axis 12376 and a distal portion oflongitudinal central axis 12348. Proximal radius of curvature RP isrepresented by an arrow extending between a second lateral central axis12378 and a proximal portion of longitudinal central axis 12348. In theembodiment of FIG. 32, body 12328 of ocular implant 12326 has an at restshape that is generally curved. This at rest shape can be established,for example, using a heat-setting process. The rest shape of the implantcan be generally aligned with the radius of curvature of Schlemm's canalin a human eye.

FIG. 33A, FIG. 33B and FIG. 33C are multiple plan views of an implant12526 in accordance with the present detailed description. FIG. 33A,FIG. 33B and FIG. 33C may be referred to collectively as FIG. 33. FIG.33A may be referred to as a top view of implant 12526, FIG. 33B may bereferred to as a side view of implant 12526, and FIG. 33C may bereferred to as a bottom view of implant 12526. The terms top view, sideview, and bottom view are used herein as a convenient method fordifferentiating between the views shown in FIG. 33. It will beappreciated that the implant shown in FIG. 33 may assume variousorientations without deviating from the spirit and scope of thisdetailed description.

Accordingly, the terms top view, side view, and bottom view should notbe interpreted to limit the scope of the invention recited in theattached claims.

Ocular implant 12526 of FIG. 33 comprises a body 12528 that extendsalong a longitudinal central axis 12548. Body 12528 of ocular implant12526 has a first major surface 12530 and a second major surface 12532.In the embodiment of FIG. 33, body 12528 is curved about longitudinalcentral axis 12548 so that first major surface 12530 comprises a concavesurface 12536 and second major surface 12532 comprises a convex surface12534.

A distal portion of body 12528 defines a longitudinal channel 12538including a channel opening 12539. Channel opening 12539 is disposeddiametrically opposite a central portion 12535 of concave surface 12536.In the embodiment of FIG. 33, central portion 12535 of concave surface12536 defines a plurality of apertures 12537. Each aperture 12537fluidly communicates with channel 12538.

FIG. 34 is a lateral cross-sectional view of ocular implant 12526 takenalong section line C-C shown in the previous Figure. Ocular implant12526 comprises a body having a first major side 12530 and a secondmajor side 12532. With reference to FIG. 34, it will be appreciated thatbody 12528 curves around a longitudinal central axis 1248 so that firstmajor side 12530 comprises a concave surface 12536 and second major side12532 comprises a convex surface 12534. The concave surface 12536 ofbody 12528 defines a longitudinal channel 12538 having a channel opening12539. As shown in FIG. 34, body 12528 has a circumferential extent thatspans an angle C. In the embodiment of FIG. 34, angle C has a magnitudethat is about one hundred eighty degrees. Some useful implants inaccordance with the present detailed description comprise a body havinga circumferential extend that spans an angle that is about one hundredeighty degrees. Some particularly useful implants in accordance with thepresent detailed description comprise a body having a circumferentialextend that spans an angle that is equal to or less than one hundredeighty degrees.

FIG. 35 is a plan view showing an implant 12526 in accordance with thepresent detailed description. Ocular implant 12526 of FIG. 35 comprisesa body 12528 that extends along a generally curved longitudinal centralaxis 12548. In the embodiment of FIG. 35, body 12528 has a distal radiusof curvature RD and a proximal radius of curvature RP. Each radius ofcurvature is represented with an arrow in FIG. 35. Distal radius ofcurvature RD is represented by an arrow extending between a firstlateral central axis 12576 and a distal portion of longitudinal centralaxis 12548. Proximal radius of curvature RP is represented by an arrowextending between a second lateral central axis 12578 and a proximalportion of longitudinal central axis 12548. In the embodiment of FIG.35, body 12528 of ocular implant 12526 has an at rest shape that isgenerally curved. This at rest shape can be established, for example,using a heat-setting process.

FIG. 36A through FIG. 36D are a series of plan views illustrating amethod in accordance with the present detailed description. FIG. 36A isa plan view showing an implant 12426. Implant 12426 comprises a body12428 defining a plurality of openings 12440. Openings 12440 include afirst opening 12442 and a second opening 12444.

FIG. 36B is a plan view showing an assembly 12408 including implant12426. Assembly 12408 of FIG. 36B may be created by placing a core 12406in a channel 12438 defined by implant 12426. A sheath 12420 may beplaced around implant 12426 and core 12406. For example, core 12406 andimplant 12426 may be inserted into a lumen defined by sheath 12420. Byway of another example, sheath 12420 may be slipped over implant 12426and core 12406.

FIG. 36C is a plan view showing assembly 12408 disposed in Schlemm'scanal SC. The wall W of Schlemm's canal SC comprises a plurality ofcells 1290. With reference to FIG. 36C, it will be appreciated thatsheath 12420 is disposed between implant 12426 and cells 1290. A methodin accordance with the present detailed description may include the stepof advancing a distal end of a cannula through a cornea of the eye sothat a distal portion of the cannula is disposed in the anterior chamberof the eye. The cannula may be used to access Schlemm's canal, forexample, by piercing the wall of Schlemm's canal with a distal portionof the cannula. A distal portion of sheath 12420 may be advanced out ofa distal port of the cannula and into Schlemm's canal SC. Ocular implant12426 may be disposed inside sheath 12420 while the distal portion ofsheath 12420 is advance into Schlemm's canal SC.

In the embodiment of FIG. 36C, ocular implant 12426 comprises a bodydefining a plurality of openings 12440. With reference to FIG. 36C, itwill be appreciated that openings 12440 are covered by sheath 12420 andthat a distal portion of implant 12426 may be advanced into Schlemm'scanal while openings 12440 are covered by sheath 12420. Coveringopenings 12440 as implant 12426 is advanced into Schlemm's canal SC mayreduce the trauma inflicted on cells 1290 by the procedure.

In some useful embodiments, sheath 12420 comprises a coating disposed onan outer surface thereof. The properties of the coating may be selectedto further reduce the trauma inflicted on cells 1290 by the procedure.The coating may comprise, for example, a hydrophilic material. Thecoating may also comprise, for example, a lubricious polymer. Examplesof hydrophilic materials that may be suitable in some applicationsinclude: polyalkylene glycols, alkoxy polyalkylene glycols, copolymersof methylvinyl ether and maleic acid poly(vinylpyrrolidone),poly(N-alkylacrylamide), poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl alcohol),poly(ethyleneimine), methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose,polyvinyl sulfonic acid, heparin, dextran, modified dextran andchondroitin sulphate.

In FIG. 36C, the distal portion of sheath 12420 is shown extendingbetween a smaller, distal diameter and a larger, proximal diameter. Inthe embodiment of FIG. 36C, the distal portion of sheath 12420 has agenerally tapered shape. The tapered transition of the distal portion ofsheath 12420 may create a nontraumatic transition that dilates Schlemm'scanal SC as sheath 12420 is advanced into Schlemm's canal SC. Thisarrangement may reduce the likelihood that skiving of wall W occurs assheath 12420 is advanced into Schlemm's canal SC.

FIG. 36D is a plan view showing implant 12426 disposed in Schlemm'scanal SC. In the embodiment of FIG. 36D, openings 12440 defined by body12428 have been uncovered. Openings 12440 may be uncovered, for example,by moving sheath 12420 in a proximal direction relative to implant12426. In some applications, this may be accomplished by applying aproximal directed force to sheath 12420 while holding implant 12426stationary. Implant 12426 may be held stationary, for example, byapplying a distally directed reaction force on implant 12426. In theembodiment of FIG. 36, a distally directed reaction force may beprovided by pushing on a proximal end of implant 12426 with a push tube.

In the embodiment of FIG. 36D, core 12406 has been removed channel 12438defined by implant 12426. Core 12406 may be withdrawn from channel12438, for example, by moving core 12406 in a proximal directionrelative to implant 12426. In some applications, this may beaccomplished by applying a proximal directed force to core 12406 whileholding implant 12426 stationary. Implant 12426 may be held stationary,for example, by applying a distally directed reaction force on implant12426.

FIG. 37A through FIG. 37D are a series of section views illustrating amethod in accordance with the present detailed description. The pictureplane of FIG. 37A extends laterally across Schlemm's canal SC and thetrabecular meshwork 12596 overlaying Schlemm's canal SC. In theembodiment of FIG. 37A, the distal end of a cannula 12502 has beenpositioned proximate Schlemm's canal SC. A method in accordance with thepresent detailed description may include the step of advancing thedistal end of cannula 12502 through the cornea of an eye so that adistal portion of cannula 12502 is disposed in the anterior chamber12594 of the eye.

FIG. 37B is an additional section view showing Schlemm's canal SC shownin the previous Figure. In FIG. 37B, a distal portion of cannula 502 isshown extending through a wall W of Schlemm's canal SC and trabecularmeshwork 12596. A distal port 12504 of cannula 12502 fluidlycommunicates with Schlemm's canal in the embodiment of FIG. 37B.

FIG. 37C is an additional section view showing Schlemm's canal SC shownin the previous Figure. In the embodiment of FIG. 37C, a distal portionof a sheath 12520 is shown extending through distal port 12504 ofcannula 12502 and into Schlemm's canal SC. Methods in accordance withthe present invention can be used to deliver an implant 12526 intoSchlemm's canal SC. In these methods, a distal portion of sheath 12520and a core 12506 may be advanced out of distal port 12504 of cannula12502 and into Schlemm's canal SC. Ocular implant 12526 may be disposedinside sheath 12520 while the distal portion of sheath 12520 is advancedinto Schlemm's canal SC.

FIG. 37D is an additional section view showing implant 12526 shown inthe previous Figure. In the embodiment of FIG. 37D, sheath 12520, core12506, and cannula 12502 have all been withdrawn from the eye. Implant12526 is shown resting in Schlemm's canal SC in FIG. 37D.

FIG. 38A and FIG. 38B are simplified plan views showing a sheath 12720in accordance with the present detailed description. FIG. 38A and FIG.38B may be referred to collectively as FIG. 38. Sheath 12720 of FIG. 38comprises a proximal portion 12750 defining a lumen 12722 and a distalportion 12752 defining a distal aperture 12754. With reference to FIG.38, it will be appreciated that lumen 12722 is generally larger thandistal aperture 12754.

In the embodiment of FIG. 38A, distal portion 12752 of sheath 12720comprises a first region 12756, a second region 12758, and a frangibleconnection 12760 between first region 12756 and second region 12758. InFIG. 38A, a first slit 12764 defined by distal portion 12752 is showndisposed between first region 12756 and second region 12758. In theembodiment of FIG. 38A, frangible connection 12760 comprises a bridge12762 extending across first slit 12764. With reference to FIG. 38A, itwill be appreciated that distal portion 12752 defines a number of slitsin addition to first slit 12764.

In the embodiment of FIG. 38B, frangible connection 12760 has beenbroken. Frangible connection 12760 may be selectively broken, forexample, by moving sheath 12720 in a proximal direction relative to animplant disposed in lumen 12722 having a diameter larger than thediameters of distal opening 12754 and distal portion 12752 of sheath12720. With reference to FIG. 38, it will be appreciated that distalaperture 12754 becomes larger when frangible connection 12760 is broken.

In the embodiment of FIG. 38, the presence of slit 12764 creates alocalized line of weakness in distal portion 12752 of sheath 12720. Thislocalized line of weakness causes distal portion 12752 to selectivelytear in the manner shown in FIG. 38. It is to be appreciated that distalportion 12752 may comprise various elements that create a localized lineof weakness without deviating from the spirit and scope of the presentdetailed description. Examples of possible elements include: a skive cutextending partially through the wall of distal portion 12720, a seriesof holes extending through the wall of distal portion 12720, a perf cut,a crease, and a score cut.

In FIG. 38, distal portion 12752 of sheath 12720 is shown extendingbetween distal opening 12754 and lumen 12722. In the embodiment of FIG.38, distal portion 12752 of sheath 12720 has a blunt shape. The bluntshape of distal portion 12752 of sheath 12720 may create a nontraumatictransition that dilates Schlemm's canal as sheath 12720 is advanced intoSchlemm's canal. This arrangement may reduce the likelihood that skivingof the canal wall occurs as sheath 12720 is advanced into Schlemm'scanal.

Various fabrication techniques may be used to fabricate the ocularimplant. For example, the ocular implant can be fabricated by providinga generally flat sheet of material, cutting the sheet of material, andforming the material into a desired shape. By way of a second example,the ocular implant may be fabricated by providing a tube and lasercutting openings in the tube to form the ocular implant.

The ocular implant of this invention can be fabricated from variousbiocompatible materials possessing the necessary structural andmechanical attributes. Both metallic and non-metallic materials may besuitable. Examples of metallic materials include stainless steel,tantalum, gold, titanium, and nickel-titanium alloys known in the art asNitinol. Nitinol is commercially available from Memry Technologies(Brookfield, Conn.), TiNi Alloy Company (San Leandro, Calif.), and ShapeMemory Applications (Sunnyvale, Calif.).

The ocular implant may include one or more therapeutic agents. One ormore therapeutic agents may, for example, be incorporated into apolymeric coating that is deposited onto the outer surfaces of thestruts and spines of the ocular implant. The therapeutic agent maycomprise, for example, an anti-glaucoma drug. Examples of anti-glaucomadrugs include prostaglandin analogs. Examples of prostaglandin analogsinclude latanprost.

The implants of the present disclosure provide a treatment for glaucomaby combining the mechanism of trabecular meshwork (TM) bypass andSchlemm's canal (SC) dilation. The trabecular meshwork bypass isachieved through the openings, the longitudinal channel, and channelopening of the implants above, and Schlemm's canal dilation is achievedby supporting Schlemm's canal with the body of the implant itself.

A comprehensive mathematical model was developed in this disclosure toevaluate changes in fluid dynamics of aqueous humor outflow induced bycombinations of trabecular mesh bypass and/or Schlemm's canal dilation,and to predict how the changes would affect outflow facility. First, acontrol eye was modeled after an ex vivo human anterior segmentperfusion model using typical dimensions for the eye and Schlemm'scanal. This was done in order to validate the model parameters withexperimental data. Next, two combinations of bypass and dilation weremodeled using the dimensional parameters of implants with 8 mm and 16 mmlengths. The mathematical model was used to predict outflow facilitiesin control and experimental simulations.

The mathematical model was developed to numerically simulate aqueoushumor outflow based on the assumptions and physical principles thatgovern fluid flow. Schlemm's canal is modeled as a rectangular channelwith width (w) and height (h), where h varies with the location (x)along the canal due to trabecular mesh deformation. The trabecular meshis treated as an elastic membrane in the model. The ostia of collectorchannels (CC) are distributed uniformly along the outer wall ofSchlemm's canal with the first collector channel located at x=0.6 mm orθ=6°. Collector channels are treated as individual sinks with flow rate,J_(CC) (see the governing equation below). Schlemm's canal in theexperimental simulations is modeled after either an 8 mm implant or 16mm implant. The region of Schlemm's canal with an implant is alsomodeled as a rectangular channel but with width (w_(d)) and height(h_(d)) corresponding to the implant cross-sectional area.

The height of Schlemm's canal (h) is intra-ocular pressure (IOP)dependent. The dependence is assumed to be linear:

h=h ₀*(1−10P−PSCE)  (1)

Across the trabecular meshwork, the aqueous humor flux (J_(TM)) isdependent on the trabecular mesh resistance (R_(TM)) and is governed by:

$\begin{matrix}J_{{TM} = \frac{{IOP} - {Psc}}{R_{TM}}} & (2) \\{\frac{dP}{dx} = {\frac{12\mu}{wh^{3}}Q}} & (3) \\{\frac{dQ}{dx} = {- {J_{CC}( {x - x_{CC}} )}}} & (4) \\{J_{CC} = \frac{P_{SC} - P_{epi}}{R_{CC}( x_{cc} )}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

In these equations, P_(sc), is the fluid pressure in the Schlemm'scanal, E is the Young's modulus of the trabecular meshwork, h₀ is thevalue of h when intra-ocular pressure=P_(sc), R_(TM) is the trabecularmeshwork's resistance to fluid flow, Q is the flow rate along the SC, μis the viscosity of aqueous humor, x_(cc) indicates locations ofcollector channel ostia in the Schlemm's canal, J_(CC) is the flow ratein the collector channels, P_(epi) is the pressure in the episcleralveins, and R_(CC) is the flow resistance of collector channels that maydepend on x_(cc). Since Schlemm's canal is a ring-like channel, theboundary conditions at x=0 for P_(sc) and Q are the same as those atx=L, where L is the circumferential length of Schlemm's canal.

In simulations with an implant such as those described herein, a portionof Schlemm's canal is stretched open. The implant inlet is assumed to bea uni-directional fluid source with zero flow resistance P_(sc)=IOP. Theimplant is modeled as a channel with three side walls, leaving the sidefacing the outer wall of Schlemm's canal open. For example, FIGS. 7A-7Bshow an implant having three “walls” comprising first strut 144, secondstrut 146, and spine 140 which leaves opening or channel 124 open andfacing Schlemm's canal when implanted. The wall of the implant facingthe inner wall of Schlemm's canal (spine 140) contains several windows(or openings), which allow the aqueous humor to enter SC through the TM.

Two scaffold designs are investigated in this disclosure. One has atotal length of 8 mm with 3 windows and 3 spines (shown in FIGS. 2, 4,11, 17, 19A-C, 30A-C, 32, 33A-C, 35); and another has a total length of16 mm with 5 windows and 6 spines (shown in FIG. 6, 10, 21A). Individualdimensions of 8 mm and 16 mm implants are shown in Table 2A and 2B,respectively. The governing equations for the region of SC without thescaffold and R_(TM) in window regions are equal to control parameterslisted in Section (a). In the spine regions, Equations 1 and 2 arereplaced by h=h_(s) and J_(TM)=0, respectively. Equations 3 through 5are unchanged, excepted that w and h are replaced with h_(d) and w_(d),respectively. The boundary conditions are given as IOP=P_(sc) at x=0 andQ=0 at x=L. Additionally, P_(sc) and Q are continuous at the distal endof the scaffold.

The baseline values of the constants are given in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Universal Parameters Parameter Description Value h₀ IntrinsicHeight of SC 20 μm w Width of SC 230 μm L Length of SC 36 mm E Young'smodulus of TM 30 mmHg ΔP IOP - P_(epi) 5 ≤ ΔP ≤ 30 mmHg N_(CC) Number ofCCs 30 R_(TM) TM Resistance to Flow 9 cm mmHg/(μl/min) R_(CC) Resistanceto flow in CC 2.5 * N_(CC) mmHg/(μl/min) β Ratio of RCC in control SC 3vs. SC with TM bypass μ Viscosity of AH 7.5 × 10⁻⁴ kg/(m sec) or 0.75 cP

Dimensions of the implants shown in Table 2A-2B are estimated based onthe actual sizes except width.

TABLE 2A Geometric Parameters of 8 mm implant Parameter DescriptionValue A_(w) Area of window region 17553 μm² A_(s) Area of spine region22955 μm² A_(in) Area of inlet region 29841 μm² h_(w) Height of windowregion 76.3 μm h_(s) Height of spine region 99.8 μm h_(in) Height ofinlet region 129.7 μm L_(w) Length of window region 1.1 mm N_(w) Numberof windows 3 w_(d) Width of device 230 μm L_(in) Length of inlet spineregion 1.1 mm L_(dev) Length of device in SC 7.2 mm L_(s) Length ofspine region 0.9 mm

TABLE 2B Geometric Parameters of 16 mm implant Parameter DescriptionValue A_(w) Area of window region 20994 μm² A_(s) Area of spine region32092 μm² A_(in) Area of inlet region 29841 μm² h_(w) Height of windowregion 91.3 μm h_(s) Height of spine region 139.5 μm h_(in) Height ofinlet region 129.7 μm L_(w) Length of window region 1 mm N_(w) Number ofwindows 5 w_(d) Width of device 230 μm L_(in) Length of inlet spineregion 1.1 mm L_(dev) Length of device in SC 15 mm L_(s) Length of spineregion 1.5 mm

For simplicity, the width of all implants are assumed to be the same asthat of the intact Schlemm's canal; and the height of each implant iscalculated from the cross-sectional areas estimated for that devicedivided by w_(d). In Table 1, the viscosity of aqueous humor (μ) at 37°C. is assumed to be the same as that measured at 34° C., because μ isclose to the viscosity of water which changes only slightly (˜6%) whenthe temperature is increased from 34° C. to 37° C. The pressure in theepiscleral vein (P_(epi)) is close to zero in experiments involving exvivo perfusion of whole eye or anterior segment, but approximately equalto 8 mmHg in live eyes. In order to apply conclusions obtained from thismathematical model to both types of studies, ΔP was varied between 5 and30 mmHg, where ΔP=IOP−P_(epi), instead of changing the absolute value ofIOP. Implantation of a bypass causes a significant increase in thepressure in this region of Schlemm's canal and can lead to an increasein the diameter of collector channel ostia in the region. To account fordiameter increase-induced decrease in outflow resistance in collectorchannels, a parameter, β, can be defined as the ratio of R_(CC) withostia in control Schlemm's canal versus that in dilated Schlemm's canal.The value of β, which is >1, depends on how the three-dimensional shapeof the collector channel is changed due to Schlemm's canal dilation andpressure increase, which is unknown at present. If the collector channelis considered as a circular channel, and its diameter is uniformlyincreased by a factor of two, then β equals 16 for Newtonian fluid.However, it is likely that only the portion of the collector channelnear its ostium is be dilated after device implantation. Thus, abaseline value of β is assumed to be three.

In control simulations, with the frequent and uniform distribution ofcollector channel ostia in Schlemm's canal, the pressure differencebetween Schlemm's canal and episcleral venous pressure (Psc−P_(epi))showed negligible variation. This resulted in negligible circumferentialflow along Schlemm's canal. When the pressure drop between the anteriorchamber and episcleral veins (ΔP) was fixed at different pressures,ranging from 5 to 30 mmHg, the shapes of these profiles varied onlyslightly although their magnitudes were increased significantly.Therefore, only the profiles at 10 mmHg are shown in this disclosure.The total sum of the flow rates through the collector channels per unitΔP is defined as the outflow facility (C). The average C of the controleye was 0.198 μl/min/mmHg (Table 3). When AP is increased from 5 to 30mmHg, C decreased slightly in the control simulation with TM intact,which falls within the range of experimental data of human eyes reportedin the literature.

TABLE 3 Simulated Outflow Facility Simulation Average Outflow FacilityControl 0.198  8 mm implant 0.438 16 mm implant 0.638

FIG. 39 illustrates the results of mathematical simulations of the 8 mmand 16 mm implants with frequent and uniform circumferentialdistribution of collector channels and an IOP of 10 mmHg. In FIG. 39,solid line 390 represents the P_(sc) in Schlemm's canal of the eye withthe 8 mm implant, and dashed-line 392 represents the P_(sc) in Schlemm'scanal of the eye with the 16 mm implant. Circles 394 illustrate the flowin the collector channels of the eye with the 8 mm implant, andtriangles 396 show the flow in the collector channels of the eye withthe 16 mm implant. In the simulations, the pressure in the region ofSchlemm's canal (P_(sc)) with the implants was similar to IOP. Outsidethis region, P_(sc) decreased exponentially, starting at the distal endof the implants, with the smallest level of P_(sc) slightly greater thancontrols.

Consequently, the outflow rate through the collector channels (J_(CC))was highest in the implant regions due to the high P_(sc) and Schlemm'scanal dilation-induced reduction in outflow resistance in thesecollector channels. Outside this region, the profile of Jcc matched thePsc profile and was similar for both implants. The collector channels inthe scaffold regions contributed to a majority of the overall differencein flow rate through collector channels when compared to controls. Theaverage C value for the 8 mm implant was 121% greater than controls witha C value of 0.438 μl/min/mmHg and the 16 mm implant was 46% greaterthan the 8 mm implant (222% greater than controls) with a C value of0.638 μl/min/mmHg (Table 3 above). However, the 16 mm implant reachedtwice as many collector channels as the 8 mm implant but only gained 46%greater outflow despite the addition of 6 collector channels. Thisindicates that as the distance from the collector channels to the inletincreases, the benefit to outflow facility diminishes.

Significant circumferential flow was observed adjacent to the trabecularmeshwork bypass not seen in control simulations. The peakcircumferential flow rate was 3.2 μmin with the 8 mm implant and 5.7μl/min with the 16 mm implant. The magnitude of the circumferential flowindicates a significant portion of the total outflow passed through thetrabecular mesh bypass inlet. The circumferential flow rate peaked atthe position of the bypass and decreased with a linear step pattern inthe implant region. At the distal end of the scaffold, thecircumferential flow rate decreased exponentially until it reached zero,as shown in FIG. 40, in which line 490 illustrates flow in Schlemm'scanal in the 8 mm implant and line 492 illustrates flow in Schlemm'scanal in the 16 mm implant. The circumferential flow region correlatesto the regions of increased P_(sc) and J_(cc) for both the 8 mm and 16mm implant. Throughout the first 90 degrees of Schlemm's canal, the 16mm implant maintained a 2.415 μl/min flow difference versus the 8 mmimplant. But when 150 degrees of Schlemm's canal is reached, thedifference is reduced to only 0.526 μl/min, indicating a diminishingadvantage with a longer length device.

Calculations of the percentage of total aqueous humor outflow throughcollector channels within an implant region indicate that the longer theimplanted region the greater the percentage of total outflow (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Percent of Total Outflow Through Collector Channels in Schlemm'sCanal regions with Implants Percent of Schlemm's Canal Average Percentof Total Type of Implant Occupied Outflow in Implant Region  8 mmimplant 20% 54.5% 16 mm implant 40% 74.6%

The 8 mm implant occupied three clock-hours of Schlemm's canal (20% ofSchlemm's canal length), however the collector channels in that regionaccounted for 54.5% of the total outflow in the eye. The 16 mm implantoccupied five clock-hours of Schlemm's canal (42% of Schlemm's canallength) which accounted for 74.6% of the total outflow. These resultsindicate that a significant portion of total outflow is diverted intothe implant area and drains out collector channels adjacent to theimplant. The more collector channels adjacent to the implant the largera percentage of total outflow. Likewise, a segmental variation of thecollector channel patency would make the outflow facility resultsdependent on implant location.

Theoretical in vivo glaucoma scenarios were designed to simulate howdifferent ocular implants could improve outflow in eyes with increasedtrabecular meshwork resistance (RTM) and reduced collector channeloutflow capacity in the hemisphere of the implant. Three scenarios weresimulated in Table 5, with fixed conventional outflow rate of 1.5μL/min27, 28 and Pepi of 10 mmHg.

TABLE 5 Theoretical Glaucoma Scenarios Collector Channels in TheoreticalScenario RTM (mmHg/μl/min) Implant Hemisphere Normal 2.12 Zero BlockedGlaucoma Case #1 6.34 50% Blocked Glaucoma Case #2 8.78 75% Blocked

The first scenario was a normal eye, which assumed R_(TM) to be 2.12mmHg/μL/min and no blocked collector channels. The second scenarioassumed R_(TM) to be 6.34 mmHg/μL/min and 50% of the collector channelsin the implanted hemisphere to be uniformly blocked including thecollector channels at the trabecular mesh bypass. The third scenarioassumed R_(TM) to be 8.78 mmHg/μL/min and 75% of the collector channelsin the implanted hemisphere to be uniformly blocked including thecollector channel at the trabecular meshwork bypass. Simulation resultsshowed that in the control eye without implant, the intra-ocularpressures under these scenarios were 17, 25 and 30 mmHg, respectively,and based on the Goldmann equation, the corresponding outflow facilitieswere 0.214, 0.100 and 0.075 μL/min/mmHg, respectively. Implantation ofthe 8 mm implant would improve the simulated outflow facility to 0.450,0.240 and 0.171 μL/min/mmHg, or reduce IOPs to 13.3, 16.3 and 18.8 mmHg,respectively. When compared to the control simulations, the 8 mm implantresulted in IOP reductions of 22%, 35% and 37%, respectively.

The model shows the effects of trabecular meshwork bypass and Schlemm'scanal dilation on outflow facility and subsequent IOP reduction. Inanalysis of the dilation length, increasing the dilated portion ofSchlemm's canal from the bypass improved outflow facility. But, at acertain distance from the bypass there was diminished improvement. Thisindicates that dilation near the bypass creates circumferential flowfrom the bypass which allows more collector channels to be utilized.

Fluid dynamic mathematical modeling of scaffolding ocular implants asdescribed herein shows that bypassing the trabecular meshwork increasesthe pressure within Schlemm's canal, and increases circumferential flowrate, and the flow rate into collector channels adjacent to thetrabecular meshwork bypass. The larger bypass size creates a largerincrease in the circumferential flow when compared with controls.Dilation of Schlemm's canal adjacent to the trabecular meshwork bypassincreases the pressure in Schlemm's canal in the area of dilation whichfurther increases the circumferential flow. Increasing the length ofdilation increases the number of collector channels accessed by theimplant, however, there was diminishing improvement in circumferentialflow and flow rate into collector channels over a distance ofapproximately one quadrant in the eye beyond the region with theimplant. When trabecular meshwork resistance was increased and collectorchannels were closed segmentally to simulate glaucoma, the dependence onthe location of trabecular meshwork bypass to collector channels and thedilation length of Schlemm's canal was more pronounced.

While exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed, modifications may be made, and it is therefore intended inthe appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications whichfall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating glaucoma comprising:inserting an ocular implant into a human eye, the ocular implantcomprising a proximal portion, an inlet in the proximal portion, adistal portion, a channel extending from the inlet through the proximalportion and the distal portion, and an elongate opening on a first sideof the ocular implant in fluid communication with the channel;supporting Schlemm's canal tissue with the distal portion; orienting theelongate opening with outflow channels of the eye; disposing the inletin an anterior chamber of the eye; extending the proximal portionthrough trabecular meshwork of the eye; and increasing an averageoutflow facility between the anterior chamber and Schlemm's canal by121%-222% by allowing aqueous humor to flow into the inlet, into thechannel and out of the elongate opening.
 2. The method of claim 1wherein the ocular implant further comprises a plurality of openings ona second side of the distal portion in fluid communication with thechannel, the method further comprising allowing aqueous humor to flowfrom the trabecular meshwork through the openings to the channel.
 3. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the implant further comprises a plurality ofalternating spines and frames positioned longitudinally along the distalportion, interior surfaces of the spines and frames defining thechannel, edges of the spines and frames defining the elongate opening,the method further comprising supporting Schlemm's canal tissue with thespines and frames.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the distal portioncomprises sections of greater circumferential extent and sections oflesser circumferential extent, edges of the sections of greatercircumferential extent and edges of the sections of lessercircumferential extent defining the elongate opening, the method furthercomprising supporting Schlemm's canal tissue with the sections ofgreater circumferential extent and the sections of lessercircumferential extent.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the supportingstep comprises supporting 20% of Schlemm's canal length with the ocularimplant.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the supporting step comprisessupporting 42% of Schlemm's canal length with the ocular implant.
 7. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the ocular implant has a length of 8 mm to 16mm.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the ocular implant has a curved atrest shape, the orienting step comprising allowing the ocular implant toassume an orientation within Schlemm's canal that orients the elongateopening with the outflow channels.